Recognizing key plant structures understanding crop. Biotic and abiotic stressors reduce global productivity of the sorghum crop. Maize corn diseases and pests, description, uses, propagation. Diseases of field crops and their management language. Sorghum is best grown in hot tropical or semi tropical environments but it will tolerate a range of temperatures. Several widely adapted varieties were available by 1920 when a record crop. Secondary spread in the field may be through irrigation water and cultivation tools. Sorghum is a resilient crop under highstress environments, ensuring productivity and access to food when other crops fail. Knowing how the sorghum plant develops is important in understanding how to manage the crop. Moreover as illustrated in table 2, the most important major field crop diseases of assosa and kamashi zones that need. Charcoal rot is a major disease in the dry sorghum. It is a source of animal feed and fodder, traditional and processed foods and beverages, and an.
This article is a list of diseases of sorghum sorghum bicolor. Management clean cultivation, elimination of weed hosts, removal of crop residues will help in controlling this disease. The fungus also persists in the soil on the diseased clumps and stubbles as acervulli. For more information on basf crop protection products, visit. Generally, fungicide applications are not economical for grain sorghum diseases. Sorghum and millet are very important agronomic crops in many parts of the world, specifically in the semiarid regions in warm areas. Sorghum diseases and pests, description, uses, propagation.
Moench is an indigenous crop to africa, and though commercial needs and uses may change over time, sorghum will remain a basic staple food for many rural communities. Sorghum is among the top five cereals and one of the key crops in global food security efforts. The guide is excerpted from nebraska extensions guide for weed, disease and insect management in nebraska. Sorghum midge is a serious pest of sorghum that requires several repeat insecticide applications during flowering, particularly for late planted crops. The trade in sorghum is small compared with the major grains such as wheat, maize, barley and rice. Infections can also occur through wounds on stalks and leaves. Tundu disease of wheatcalvibacter tritici associated with ear. Sorghum downy mildew peronosclerospora sorghi photos 7, 8, 9 6 these diseases are of serious concern to maize. Nutritional deficienciesdisorders of sorghum sorghum pests sorghum. The fungi survive as parasites as well as saprophytes in the infected plant debris. The primary infection is mainly from infected setts. Found mostly on the lower leaves and then on the heads. The main importers of sorghum are japan, mexico, the former ussr cis and venezuela. However, numerous diseases of grain sorghum can be found wherever the crop is grown, including arkansas.
Among the biotic stressors, fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and parasitic plants cause diseases that compromise sorghum yield and quality. One of the most common bacterial diseases of sorghum. However, a proper insect pest management program will minimize losses to insects and ensure appropriate insecticide use. Disease cycle disease cycle of loose smut of barley is similar to as of loose smut of wheat.
Crop rotation with non susceptible crops collect and destroy ipd seed treatment with captan or thiram at 4 gkg. Of late 1020% incidence was recorded on postrainy season sorghum. Sorghum is a major staple crop and food in tropical countries in africa and in india. Grain sorghum grown in arizona usually is not significantly damaged by diseases.
Moench is among the most important cereal crops in the world. Propagation sorghum is propagated directly from seed. Sorghum is an important traditional food security crop, and insect pests are one of the main constraints to smallholder sorghum production in africa. Survey and identification of diseases on major crops of. A survey was conducted in farmers fields in nigeria during the 1990 cropping season to determine the prevalence of sorghum diseases in the four major sorghum. Diseases of field crops and their management author tnau, tamil nadu. The sorghum crop is believed to have first been cultivated in africa and introduced into the americas by slave traders. The rain splash, air currents and dew drops also help in the spread of conidia from the diseased to healthy plants. Conventional breeding techniques in sorghum sciencedirect. Charcoal rot is a major disease in the dry sorghum growing regions. The crop is also very popular in the low and midhill areas of the western and northeastern regions.
This fullyrevised and enlarged fourth edition introduces the students to the basic and applied aspects of plant pathology and to the major diseases of crops and fruit trees in india. Index ln lecture name page no 1 diseases of rice 4 27 2 diseases of sorghum 28 39 3 diseases of wheat 40 52 4 diseases of pearlmillet 53 60 5 diseases of maize 61 69 6 diseases of sugarcane 70 84 7 diseases of turmeric 85 88 8 diseases. Effect of fungicides on the reaction of sorghum hybrids to anthracnose in burleson county, texas, 2012. Foliar and head diseases glume blotch stagonospora septoria nodorum. Assessment of important plant disease of major crops. Grain sorghum continues to be an economically important crop in arkansas, fitting into production schedules and helping to control nematodes of both cotton and soybeans. Insect almanac, a website of the unl department of entomology cropwatch news and the cropwatch news archive. Pearl millet is a climate hardy crop which is grown in harsh conditions, but as a subsistence crop. A 2year crop rotation with crops other than sorghum. Seed should only be sown in soils which have warmed to at least 18.
The crop tolerates hot, dry conditions better than corn or soybeans but it will be killed by frost. Sorghum has some valuable nutritional characteristics. Pdf sorghum is a staple food crop for millions of poor people in the semiarid tropics of africa and asia. Diseases of field crops and their management pdf book. A diagnostic key facilitates quick identification of diseases and their effects. Sorghum downy mildew peronosclerospora sorghi photos 7, 8, 9 6 these diseases. This publication provides information on the biology and management of sorghum. The biology and control of sorghum diseases little. Common and important diseases of grain sorghum uaex. Broadly, maize cultivation can be classified into two. Free outline of diseases of field crops and their management diseases of rice diseases of sorghum diseases of wheat diseases of pearlmillet diseases of maize diseases of sugarcane diseases of turmeric diseases of tobacco diseases of groundnut diseases of castor diseases. The most effective control measures are hybrid resistance and allowing at least 3 years between sorghum crops.
Sorghum is the second most important cereal after maize with 22% of total cereal area. Now, it is a staple food source in many countries, particularly in arid regions of the world taking advantage of its hardiness. Use search to find articles on identifying and treating sorghum. Avoid the secondary spread of the disease by roguing out the infected plants since the wind plays a major. It is a potential threat to sorghum production and productivity and will continue to be so as the disease is increasing with the time table 1. Growing resistant cultivars like spv 462, csv 17 etc. It is grown for home consumption unless there is a bumper crop. Most viral diseases of sorghum are mosaics with the most important being maize dwarf mosaic toler, 1985. Assessment of important plant disease of major crops sorghum maize, common bean, coffee, mung bean, cowpea in south omo and segen peoples zone of. Hard to scout for and fungus becomes more aggressive as heading occurs. Pdf in nepal, maize ranks second after rice both in area and. From those and other introductions, grain sorghum was improved by selection during the first part of this century. The disease is prevalent in hot, humid maize growing areas and can damage crops significantly. Insecticides for field crops, including current alfalfa pest management information from unl extension.
Several widely adapted varieties were available by 1920 when a record crop of more than 87 million bushels was produced on 4 mulion acres 68. Crop rotation at suitable intervals is also effective in disease. Sorghum could contribute more to food supplies than at present, especially to those regions and peoples in greatest need. Climatic requirements for sorghum or jowar farming. Moreover as illustrated in table 2, the most important major field crop diseases. Couetotrichum grammioolum on midrib and leaf of sorghum, devel oping after clipping the ends of the leaves under a spore. The fungus is internally seed borne dormant mycelium within the embryo of the barley seed. The pathogen survives from one season to the next as dormant mycelium fungal threads within the embryo of the barley seed. This topic covers the information related to diseases and symptoms of sorghum. Within most developing countries, the sorghum crop rarely reaches the market. Growers must be prepared to scout and prevent injury from insects in sorghum. Insect pests can be a major limiting factor in grain sorghum production in georgia. Moench is an underutilized crop and one of the most important cereal crops in semiarid tropics.
However, numerous diseases of grain sorghum can be found wherever the crop. Mstvs is the most serious on sorghum growvirus ing in peninsular india. Jowar farming sorghum information guide agri farming. The maize plant possesses a simple stem of nodes and internodes. Clean ploughing with crop rotation will reduce disease severity. Grain sorghum is one of the most versatile crops, capable of growing well under contrasting climatic conditions. It thrives well at a temperature between 25c and 32c but below 16c is not good for the crop. It is glutenfree and can contain high levels of phytochemicals, particularly antioxidantrich phenolics. A manual on the most important pests and diseases of the major food crops grown by smallholder farmers in africa. Sorghum, which has been grown as tropical crop, is susceptible to many diseases such as grain mold, downy mildew, ergot, and anthracnose in rainy season, whereas root and stalk rot and viral diseases are prevalent in postrainy season. Nepal is due to the attack of many plant diseases at different stages of crop.
Disease control and plant health in grain sorghum increased yield of grain sorghum treated with headline. Sorghum is an important food crop within traditional low input, cerealbased farming systems in africa, where 41 % of the worldwide area of this crops production is located. The latter is especially true in the more drought prone areas of south africa where this hardy crop. Jowar is extreme drought tolerant crop and recomended for dry regions.
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